Louisa May Alcott Quotes From the Little Women Writer

Part of the Transcendentalist circle in Concord, Massachusetts, Louisa May Alcott was guided as a writer by her father, Bronson Alcott, as well as by her teacher, Henry David Thoreau, and friends Ralph Waldo Emerson and Theodore Parker. Louisa May Alcott began writing for a living to help support her family. She also briefly served as a nurse during the Civil War. Selected Louisa May Alcott Quotations Far away there in the sunshine are my highest aspirations. I may not reach them, but I can look up and see their beauty, believe in them, and try to follow where they lead.  Love is the only thing that we can carry with us when we go, and it makes the end so easy.Help one another is part of the religion of our sisterhood.Many argue; not many converse.Resolve to take fate by the throat and shake a living out of her.I believe that it is as much a right and duty for women to do something with their lives as for men and we are not going to be satisfied with such frivolous parts as you give us.Stay is a charming word in a friends vocabulary.I asked for bread, and I got a stone in the shape of a pedestal.Christmas wont be Christmas without any presents.It takes people a long time to learn the difference between talent and genius, especially ambitious young men and women.I put in my list all the busy, useful independent spinsters I know, for liberty is a better husband than love to many o f us.Housekeeping aint no joke!I am angry nearly every day of my life, but I have learned not to show it; and I still try to hope not to feel it, though it may take me another forty years to do it.I like to help women help themselves, as that is, in my opinion, the best way to settle the woman question. Whatever we can do and do well we have a right to, and I dont think any one will deny us.People dont have fortunes left them -- nowadays; men have to work, and women to marry for money. Its a dreadfully unjust world....  Now we are expected to be as wise as men who have had generations of all the help there is, and we scarcely anything.Now I am beginning to live a little and feel less like a sick oyster at low tide.Im not afraid of storms, for Im learning how to sail my ship.Love is a great beautifier.Beth could not reason upon or explain the faith that gave her courage and patience to give up life, and cheerfully wait for death. Like a confiding child, she asked no questions, but left everything to God and nature, Father and Mother of us all, feeling sure that they, and they only, could teach and strengthen heart and spirit for this life and the life to come. (Little Women, chapter 36)I do not ask for any crown / But that which all may win / Nor try to conquer any world / Except the one within / Be Thou my guide until I find / Led by a tender hand / The happy kingdom in myself /And dare to take command.   (Thoreaus Flute)Above mans aims his nature rose / The wisdom of a just content / Made one small spot a continent / And turned to poetry lifes prose  [about Henry David Thoreau  Poor dull Concord. Nothing colorful has come through here since the Redcoats.A child her wayward pencil drew / On margins of her book / Garlands of flower, dancing elves / Bud, butterfly, and brook / Lessons undone, and plum forgot / Seeking with hand and heart / The teacher whom she learned to love / Before she knew twas Art. About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote.

Society s Perception Of Beauty - 1148 Words

Beauty is a perception we hold in society as what is attractive or not. Our perception of beauty is a social construct, meaning that it is made through society through its depictions of beauty. In our society today, our perception of beauty is shaped through the media, since the media portrays specific standards of beauty that people feel they must follow. Although media portrays beauty across different races and ages, society’s perception of beauty is skewed towards a specific and established standard. This causes those specific groups to feel obligated to follow this standard of beauty rather than following a more diverse path. Therefore, our social construct of beauty is shaped through media’s biased portrayals of different races and ages, as it does not provide a realistic view of those groups standard of beauty. Society today holds beauty as a pivotal role in our lives. Many people believe that, through a high perception of one’s own beauty, one’s sel f-esteem is increased with this. By perceiving yourself as beautiful or attractive, then the increased self-esteem will follow due to your own perception of yourself. However, as society progressed, people have stopped believing in this ideology and, instead, follow different practices to attain beauty. It is prevalent throughout modern society that people from all social groups alter their beauty in order to fit a set standard. This set standard is usually established by media and effects people of all social groups. ForShow MoreRelatedSociety s Perception Of Beauty1193 Words   |  5 PagesBeauty is a socially constructed perception regarding what is seen as attractive or not. Our perception of beauty, as stated previously, is a social construct, meaning that it is made through society and the people who are part of it. In our society today, our perception of beauty is shaped primarily through the media, since the media portrays specific standards of beauty that people feel they must follow. Although the media is perceived to portray beauty across different races and ages, society’sRead MoreThe Influence Of Media Reporting On Society s Perception Of Beauty1730 Words   |  7 Pagesnegatively. This paper will analyze how the combination of media reporting, socioeconomics and sociocultural factors contribute to the development of eating disorders as well as how society s perception of beauty has been distorted. This paper will further support the notion that societies perception of a female’s beauty is determined by their perceived body image, which in turn has a direct effect on teenage girls and plays a primary role in the development of eating disorders such as anorexia. ThereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Other Hand 1418 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 101 27 October 2015 Beauty Educates The meaning of beauty and how it applies to the viewer varies among people. Leo Tolstoy reveals that the beauty we perceive through art can change or support a pre-conceived idea. On the other hand, Elaine Scarry’s view resides in the fact that our view of beauty promotes the spirit of justice. Art is not so much the focus, rather beauty is the driving force of these two essays. There is an educational aspect to beauty that implies improvementRead MoreSocietal Standards Of Female Beauty1282 Words   |  6 Pagesfashion, beauty, and information. â€Å"Magazines and advertisements are used to help women better themselves by giving information and products to make them look and feel better† (Serdar 1). Without magazines and advertisements there wouldn t be an exact focus on beauty standards.. People would have the freedom to choose what they like and what they consider beautiful instead of following the crowd. â€Å"Sociocultural standards of female beauty are in every aspect of popular media. Mass media s use of unrealisticRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Character Analysis830 Words   |  4 Pagesdo with the perception of characters in literature. The way a character looks can have a great effect on both the way other characters interact with them and the way the characters themselves interact with both their own thoughts and the world a round them. In the works chosen, the appearances of the characters to be analyzed fall on opposite ends of the spectrum of aestheticism. Dorian Gray, from Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray possesses an â€Å"...extraordinary personal beauty (Wilde 1),† oneRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s The Bluest Eye1232 Words   |  5 PagesIn modern society, women continue to be victimized by an illusory culture that offers the affectation of equality and hope but a reality of gender inequality. The little acts of chivalry conducted by men are just prolonged sugary illusions meant to hide the unpleasant truth of women and their strained relationship with the media s’ perception of beauty. Many women who are subjected to society s’ views of beauty often aim to convert to theses said beauty standards. This desire can, at many timesRead MoreThe Black Versus White Body1295 Words   |  6 PagesMarlee Taylor Taylor1 04/07/15 ANT3302 SEC9618 Khadidja Arfi Paper Two According to the European Journal of Psychology, â€Å"body image can be described as a combination of a person’s perceptions, feelings and thoughts about his/her body and their general physical appearance† (Bakhshi, 2). In America, body image and race are two very petulant topics to steer clear of when conversing with others. Western culture has created a construct that allocates two subdivisions (among others) of humanity–Read MoreThe Scrutiny Of Race And Beauty Within The Bluest Eye1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scrutiny of Race and Beauty within The Bluest Eye One of the significant themes that Morrison s, The Bluest Eye scrutinizes is the relationship between race and beauty. Rather how the predominant racial society’s point of view about beauty serves to degrade, ignore, and criticize different races by that compelling the affection of the domineering group by attaining the constancy of its eminence over less popular groups viewed by society. The Bluest Eye depicts the story of an eleven-year-oldRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1560 Words   |  7 PagesLooks don’t matter, beauty is only skin-deep, you’re beautiful just the way you are. How many times have we heard this, yet we live in a society that appears to contradict this very idea. If looks don’t matter then why do women and girls live in a society where their bodies define who they are? If looks don t matter then why is airbrushing used by the media to hide any flaws a person has? What exactly is causing this, why do we feel like we are just not beautiful the way we are? Its the mediaRead MoreIs Beauty Treated As If It Is Universal?865 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, is a phrase commonly used in today s society to make a politically correct assessment of our judgement of beauty. The popularity of this quote has helped convinced the general public that it is an universally truthful statement. This statement suggests that, the perception of beauty is based on an individuals subjective judgement rather than an any empirical justifications. If the majority of the worlds population believes this statement to be true, then why

Shostakovich - 3111 Words

Dmitri Shostakovich: A Musical Representation of Communist Russia In the musical world, no one is as controversial as Dmitri Shostakovich. Although he died not 30 years ago, many aspects of his life still remain to be a great mystery. When he was alive, many in the world believed he was a Communist and a devoted servant of Stalin. It was not until after his death that the truth had come out. Or had the truth been there all along? Many believe that this was because his music expressed a lot of nationalism and idolized Stalin. However, in an attempt to escape the red fist of Stalin, Shostakovich made his music appear to be nationalistic when really it is full of sarcasm and hidden messages. Shostakovich showed his contempt Stalin and†¦show more content†¦Since Shostakovich was unable to express his ideas about Communism openly, he had to resort to sarcasm to show his resentment to the party. But how can one prove that Shostakovich used sarcasm in his works? Sarcasm in nonvocal works is usually evi dent when lots of techniques from different style periods are used. This creates contrast and exaggeration in a piece to represent sarcasm (Dmitri ). Several works of Shostakovich demonstrate this technique, but one of the more well known pieces is the Leningrad symphony. In Shostakovichs 7th Symphony, otherwise known as the Leningrad symphony, he uses a great deal of Sarcasm. During the time when the symphony was written, Shostakovich and his family were in Leningrad when the Nazis sieged the city. As the war continued, the symphony became a song of the Russian resistance against Germany (Dmitri ). The true intentions of the symphony have been highly debated. When taken at face value, it appears that Shostakovich was attempting to conform to the Soviet standards and write a piece full of patriotic themes, but when taking a more in depth look, it can be said that the piece has a double meaning (Simon, Politics ). In order to save himself from the threat of being taken away by the Se cret Police, Shostakovich wrote the piece to please Soviet authorities. He portrays Russia asShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Dmitri Shostakovich And Sergei Prokofiev2012 Words   |  9 Pageswestern â€Å"formalism†. For prominent Soviet composers Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev, the struggle to maintain influence within the music world and continue composing was unequaled. Confronted with many obstacles during the course of both of their respective musical careers, Shostakovich and Prokofiev battled through the Soviet regime, their wielding their compositions as weapons in the fight for creativity. Dmitri Shostakovich was a rising star within the world of Soviet music. His FirstRead MoreDmitri Shostakovich : The Greatest Composers Of The 20th Century And The Most Important Soviet Composer1567 Words   |  7 Pagescentury and the most important Soviet composer, Dmitri Shostakovich created some of the most richly complex and experimental pieces of his time. His musical education and career took place entirely in the Soviet Union, where he created his greatest masterpieces including 15 symphonies and 15 string quartets. He forayed into several different mediums including compositions of concertos, ballets, motion-picture scores, and opera. In addition, Shostakovich was at often the center of controversy because hisRead MoreHow Dmitri Shostakovich Adhere From The Conventions And Traditions That Were Normalized? Classical Music1181 Words   |  5 Pageswill be discussing the extent that Dmitri Shostakovich adhered to and rebelled from the conventions and traditions that were norm alized in classical music and I will offer varied examples of the many times Shostakovich has obeyed and dissented within music throughout his career. The career span of Shostakovich extends from 1926 when he presented his first major work, Symphony No.1 to 1970 when he presented Quartet No. 7. Born Dmitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich on the 25th September, 1906, in St. PetersburgRead MoreThe Role Of Music As A Reflection Of The Human Condition1161 Words   |  5 PagesShostakovich, Soviets, and Suppression Scholars and artists commonly describe music as a reflection of the human condition. The period in history from the mid-1930s onward marked a tragic phase in twentieth century music and this reflection: the total politicizing of the art by totalitarianism means. Dictators, including Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, were manipulating popular culture to take control of their people. Stalin supported the idea of a â€Å"Soviet modernism,† a school of art that wouldRead MoreEssay on Russian Composers1830 Words   |  8 Pagesare able to capture mood through a unique ability to capture exactly what they feel. Exactly how the Russians are able to do this is unknown, though through this, the greatest composers have turned out to be Russian. Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff and Shostakovich are all able to write and portray the most detailed feelings and moods, and it is to them that we owe the advancement of all music. Tchaikovsky is one of the most beloved composers in history. An inspired craftsman of melody, orchestration andRead MoreThe Greatest Composers Of The Twentieth Century1863 Words   |  8 PagesIn the forty-one years since his passing, Dmitri Shostakovich is one of the most widely discussed and fiercely debated composers in Western Music. His compositions are known throughout the world, and his life and morals are a discussed passionately amongst musicologists with his catalogue consisting of 15 symphonies, 15 string quartets, 37 film scores, and a number of pieces in other genres. For someone that is considered one of the greatest composers of the twentieth century, there lacks a consensusRead MoreConcert Critique : The Houston Civic Symphony1078 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Shostakovich. Shostakovich was a Russian composer who was born in 1906 and died in 1975. At the young age of 9, his mother taught him the piano which he used to help build income in his family after his fatherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s passing. He composed 15 symphonies, 15 string quartets, and several other works. During this time in Shostakovich life the Soviet Union was under the control of Joseph Stalin. Massive purges, loss of life and loved ones, and bans on music of traditional composers. Shostakovich was afraidRead More Dmitri Shostakovich and Johann Sebastian Bach Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesDmitri Shostakovich and Johann Sebastian Bach Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) was one of the greatest composers of Soviet Russia. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) is regarded today as the father of Western music. They came from opposite ends of music history and lived in entirely different environments, but Shostakovich was undoubtedly influenced by Bach’s music, and their respective musical styles came from the same core tradition of Western music. But most importantly, underneath the obviousRead MoreAmerican Politics During The Vietnam War1370 Words   |  6 Pagesother side of the world. Both Paul Hindemith, under the Nazi Regime, and Dmitri Shostakovich, under the communist reign of Stalin, managed to fight political oppression through their music. The two composers had very different ways of doing so. Hindemith wrote two separate pieces, one that directly opposed the Nazi regime, and another that was so nationalistic he was forgiven for his previous ‘mistakes’, whereas Shostakovich wrote a single piece which seemed just as nationalistic as Hindemith’s symphonyRead MoreThe Chicago Symphony Orchestra s Presentation Of Rachmaninov Piano Concerto No. 1 And Schostakovich s Symphony No1133 Words   |  5 Pageshis audience. The first concerto was played at the symphony orchestra and is a piece mainly dominated by the piano; the piano’s lead role reflected Rachmaninov’s major skill and talent as a pianist. The other composer’s piece performed was Dmitri Shostakovich, who was born in Leningrad, Russia. He was also famous composer that notably connected his experiences of conflict, and grief of war with the music. The revolution in his upbringing sparked and inspired many of his orchestra compositions. Music

Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing and Renaissance...

Shakespeares play Much Ado About Nothing takes place in Messina, a city-state of Renaissance Italy. The Renaissance was a period in European history believed to have been between AD 1300 and AD 1600 with a feudal society of agricultural economy and church dominated culture. It was during the Renaissance that Europe was transformed into a society dominated by central political institutions with education, arts and music heavily influenced by the Christian religion. In Italy, cities such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan, and Venice flourished. These cities were able to finance cultural achievements. Medieval Italian merchants developed commercial and financial techniques such as bookkeeping and bills of exchange. Italian city-states were†¦show more content†¦One of Johns men enacts a scene at Heros window with a woman who appears to be Hero. When Claudio and Pedro observe this, they are easily deceived and Claudio angrily denounces Hero to be hidden as though dead until Claudio reg ains his senses. When the constable, Dogberry, arrests Johns men, who then readily confess their guilt, Claudio is forced to admit his error in thinking Hero would deceive him. He then mourns for her and agrees to marry her cousin. The cousin turns out to be a disguised and forgiving Hero. After all this ado the two couples are married and Don John is arrested. Don Pedro is a linking character, playing many key roles in the play. In many ways, he shows the influence of the time period. Being the prince of Aragon, a region in northeast Spain, he carries the title of respect Don. He seems to be the stereotypical leader of the Renaissance times, enjoying being in charge as well as possessing the ability to woo young women. He also shows the time period in the situation with his brother Don John. Because he was born outside of marriage, Don John has no official claim on any of his familys wealth or position. He then tries to overthrow Pedro in battle. Other characters positions also illustrate the time period. For example, Dogberry and Verges who are the constable and deputy constable. Their rough habits and garbled speech show the mannerisms of the Renaissance peasants. Heros maidservants occasional vulgar comments also demonstrateShow MoreRelatedKenneth Branaghs Much Ado About Nothing Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe scene opens in the beautiful hills of Tuscany, Italy. Lying about on the slopes of grass are the humble townsfolk basking in the sunshine as a soft voice introduces; â€Å"Sigh no more ladies, sigh no more.† This dreamlike setting is the opening scene of the major motion picture Much Ado About Nothing as envisioned by film director Kenneth Branagh. A far cry from its Shakespearean origins, Branagh’s Much Ado has a look and feel all of its own. This film seeks to capture its audience with visual majestyRead MoreThe Representation of Women in Much Ado About Nothing Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe Representation of Women in Much Ado About Nothing The female characters who are in the play are all present and involved in Act2 Scene1, which makes it the perfect situation to describe Shakespeares portrayal of women in Much Ado About Nothing. Hero can be easily compared with Beatrice being of a similar class and very close relatives. Then you have the characters of Margaret and Ursula, the servants, who are also very comparable and show a portrayal of womenRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Essay The Elizabethan Worldview and Much Ado About Nothing Audrey Hernandez The Elizabethan Era is one of the most fascinating periods in the History of the World. It is named after one of the greatest of the Queens of England - Queen Elizabeth I. It was the era of the very first Theatres in England - William Shakespeare and the globe Theatre and Christopher Marlowe! It also had a very different feel and look to it than we experience nowadays and this is shown in the marriage and weddingRead More Classical Imagery in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing Essay3559 Words   |  15 PagesClassical Imagery in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing The romance of history has lured many of the worlds greatest authors to search for their subject matter in the pages of time. William Shakespeare serves as a unfailing embodiment of the emotion of days past; yet he also turned to those before him. The comedy Much Ado About Nothing is a poignant love story, riddled with stunning imagery and allusion. An examination of the development of certain characters, the imagery and allusion, dictionRead More Analysis of Much Ado About Nothing Essay3681 Words   |  15 PagesAnalysis of Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing illustrates a kind of deliberately puzzling title that seems to have been popular in the late 1590s (ex quot;As You Like Itquot;). Indeed, the play is about nothing; it follows the relationships of Claudio and Hero (which is constantly hampered by plots to disrupt it), and in the end, the play culminates in the two other main characters falling in love (Beatrice and Bena*censored*), which, because it was an event that was quite predictableRead More Renaissance Family Values and Their Significance to As You Like It1920 Words   |  8 PagesRenaissance Family Values and Their Significance to As You Like It      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I began my research for this paper, I did not have a good understanding of the term Renaissance.   Therefore, I thought that it was a good idea to clarify on this before I tried to learn about what family life was like at that time, and I also thought it might be interesting to look at Shakespeares family.    The word Renaissance means rebirth and refers to the 15th Century, between the years 1350 andRead More Shakespeares World Essay3144 Words   |  13 Pages Shakespeares World nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Almost every nation on earth reads, studies and performs the works of William Shakespeare. No writer of any country, nor any age, has ever enjoyed such universal popularity. Neither has any writer been so praised. As William Hazlitt observed, quot;The most striking peculiarity of Shakespeares mind was its generic quality, its power of communication with all other minds.quot; It is perhaps this quality that has earned Shakespeare the supremeRead MoreBiography of William Shakespeare1709 Words   |  7 PagesClaims state that Crollalanza and his family fled Italy during the Holy Inquisition and landed in London and that Michelangelo changed his name to the English equivalent since Crollanlanza is when translated to English is Shakespeare. (Shakespeare Online, 2011) Included in the evidence presented by Iuvara is a play that was written by Crollalanza entitled Tanto traffic per Niente translated into Much Traffic for Nothing or Much Ado About Nothing. (Shakespeare Online, 2011) It is stated thatRead MoreEssay on Kate in William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew1760 Words   |  8 PagesKate in William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew Katharina or Kate, the shrew of William Shakespeares The Taming Of The Shrew is sharp-tongued, quick-tempered, and prone to violence and violent outbursts, especially to anyone who tries to win her love. This is shown from the beginning in Act One with the scene among Hortensio and Gremio and her. When Gremio proclaims her too rough Read MoreEssay about Renaissance Figures2969 Words   |  12 PagesRenaissance Figures Cosimo de Medici, also known as Cosimo the Elder, lived from 1389--1464. He was the first Medici to rule Florence. He was exiled from Florence in 1433, but he returned in 1434 and doubled his wealth through banking. He ended Florences traditional alliance with Venice and supported the Sforza family in Milan. His historical significance was being a patron to such artists as Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Ghiberti, and as the founder of the Medici Library. ?

No Plastic Bag Day Research Proposal free essay sample

The environmental consciousness of the public and consumer has been increasing due   to emergence of campaigns through media and public education during the century. The green concept is embraced by a lot of organizations and rabid environmentalists. Green product such as product without hazardous materials, energy saving components or recyclable items is very common in the society. There are also individuals who give priority to green product which bears eco-labels during their purchase. One of the more well known â€Å"green† consumer products is Body Shop who claims their products to be non-animal tested with recycling/refillable policies. In order to be compatible in this business world, a lot of company has succumbed to   practice green concept due to customer pressure and government regulation. Thus in this case, government becomes a power stakeholder which enforces the company to practice green concept through no plastic bag day . No plastic bag day was first started at the state of Penang on 1 July 2009 every Monday, before it was extended to Tuesdays and Wednesdays as well from Jan 2. To promote the â€Å"No Plastic Bag Day† ruling, the state distributed 500,000 brochures to create public awareness besides erecting educational billboards. This noble cause was then being followed by other states in Malaysia. As this campagign is becoming a viral in malaysia,we need to find out the how this campaign will affect the busineses.. We would like to figure out why certain businesses chose to adopt the implementation with open arms even though it might not gives any incremental impact on companys profitability. s we all know businesess play importatnt role in maintaining their reuptation and to achive good corporate social responsibility. Our research question will therefore be, What is the effect of no palstic bag day campaign towards businesses sales,reputation and corporate social responsibillities? There are objectives listed as guidance for this research. From the businesses perspectives,we would like to achive the following : 1. To study the level of cooperation of business towards the campaign 2. To investigate to effect f the campaign towards sales 3. To found out the effect of campaign towards businesses reputation and its corporate social responsibilities. Plastic bags can be a nuisance in the society. It can cause wastage problem as most   plastic bag is not bio-degradable if buried. It may releases unhealthy gases when burned. It may cause hygiene problem on the street which at the end causes diseases. Even though the Malaysian government has now trying to raise awareness on this issue, plastic bags are still widely used. This is where we can see the level of cooperation that business gave towards the campaign that being implemented widely. In this study, plastic bags which are the main issue will be studied as there is no previous study on this area at all. In order to get to the catalyst of the issue, the perception of the manager or supervisor who are responsible is being ask to understand the business opinion on the issue. This research will investigate whether the effect of no plastic bag day campaign towards the sales of every business who complied with it. Whether by implementing the campaign the income of the business will be decreased or not. In hoped that this will bring more understanding on this matter. However, it should be noted that a perception does not translate into practice. Therefore, business practice will be examined in order to understand the actual action of the business in aforementioned perspectives as well. With this research, the more important effect can be identified so that action can be planned to overcome the factors which restrict the business from practicing the appropriate endeavor in plastic bag issue so that plastic usage can be reduced. This research will hopefully help to understand the effect of campaign not only towards it sales but also business reputation as well as corporate social responsibility. Literature review -definition,framework,hypotheses, No Plastic Day is a world wide event intended to bring awareness of the over consumption of disposable plastic goods such as plastic bags and bottles. It is well known that there are floating islands of trash in most of the worlds oceans. The huge amounts of plastic trash we all discard daily doesnt decompose, doesnt break down, and most of it is toxic to the animals that accidentally consume it. The current rate of plastic consumption is not sustainable and is starting to create a huge problem for marine life particularly. Fish eat toxic plastic bits. We catch the fish and eat the fish. Its only a matter of time before weve polluted our own food supplies with plastic trash. ( source http://www. noplasticday. org/ sales : The exchange of goods or services for an amount of money or its equivalent; the act of selling busineses reputation : Reputation may be considered as a component of the  identity  as defined by others source wikipedia Plastic bags have a cost to the environment and public health. They are not compatible with closed loop waste management systems, require consumption of increasingly scarce oil resources, require input of a high quantity of energy in manufacturing and are easily replaceable. Currently, the true cost to society of single-use plastic bag distribution is not captured in the price of plastic bags since damages resulting from their use are felt externally from the consumer, indicating a market failure. (Flores, 2010). The overuse of plastic bags in society is not economically efficient as the more cost effective option of reusable bag use is readily available (Smith, 2004). Methodology he methodology bla bla bla Research design The idea of our research rose due to the invocation of the states government for the â€Å"No Plastic Bag Day† campaign for it to be adopted by shops in the states. The campaign was later been adopted by many shops and the amount of shops that choose to adapt this campaign has been increasing. Hence,the purpose of our study is to explore about the significance this campaign gives to businesses. We would like to figure out why certain businesses chose to adopt the implementation with open arms even though it might not gives any incremental impact on companys profitability. The type of investigation that we are using is correlational study that will give identification of the important factor associated with the issue. We would like to know the how strong the effect of the implementation of the campaign towards businesses profitability,reputation and responsibility. We would like to keep the interference of researchers in the study as minimum as possible. Even though we are doing interviews for our research we will ensure there will be no changes made in the input or comments made by our respondents. The setting of out study will be non-contrived where natural environment where work proceeds normally. In the research,the field of study will be revolved around the businesses that is adapting the no plastic bag campaign. The population to be studied for our research is organizations including the shops that is adopting the no plastic bag day campaign. The reason for the population that we chose is because we would like to found out the effect and significance of the campaign from businesses perspectives. Our research will be based on longitudinal studies. We will investigate the effect from two period of time which is before the implementation of â€Å"No Plastic Bag Day† and after the implementation of it. By investigating through 2 period we will found the effect it gives by adopting the campaign towards businesses. Data collection we will use both primary and secondary data for our research. Seconday data is important for the use of to introduce our topic as general and to make people understand more about the nature of our topic. The primary data will be collected through 2 ways: 1. interviews We will choose businesses that is adapting this campaign and propose them with questions regarding the campaign . Our interview questions will be focused on their perspectives and how the effect ot gives to the business. We would like to found out their opinion and the level of cooperation of businesses towards the campaign.

Meaning of Public Enterprises free essay sample

Public enterprises consist of nationalized private sector enterprises, such as, banks, Life Insurance Corporation of India and the new enterprises set up by the government such as Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT), Gas Authority of India (GAIL), State Trading Corporation (STC) etc. CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES Looking at the nature of the public enterprises their basic characteristics can be summarized as follows: A. State control:  The public enterprises are financed, owned and managed by the government may be a central or state government. B. Rendering service:  The primary objective of the establishment of public enterprises is to serve the public at large by supplying the essential goods at a reasonable price and creating employment opportunities. C. Government Ownership and Management: The public enterprises are owned and managed by the central or state government, or by the local authority. The government may either wholly own the public enterprises or the ownership may partly be with the government and partly with the private industrialists and the public. Autonomous or semi-autonomous organization:  Public enterprise is an autonomous or semi-autonomous organization because some enterprises work under the direct control of the government and some organizations are established under statutes and companies act. D. Financed from Government Funds: The public enterprises get their capital from Government Funds and the government has to make provision for their capital in its budget, they become financially independent by arranging finance for day-to-day operation. E. Public Welfare: Public enterprises are not guided by profit motive. Their major focus is on providing the service or commodity at reasonable prices. Take the case of Indian Oil Corporation or Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL). They provide petroleum and gas at subsidized prices to the public. F. Monopoly Enterprises:  In some specific cases private sectors are not allowed and as such the public enterprises enjoy monopoly in operation. G. Public Utility Services: Public sector enterprises concentrate on providing public utility services like transport, electricity, telecommunication etc. H. Public Accountability: Public enterprises are governed by public policies formulated by the government and are accountable to the legislature. The state enterprises are liable to the general public for their performances because they are responsible for the nation. I. Excessive Formalities: The government rules and regulations force the public enterprises to observe excessive formalities in their operations. This makes the task of management very sensitive and cumbersome. J. A direct channel for use of Foreign money:  Sometimes the government receive foreign assistance from industrially advanced countries for the development of industries. These advances received are spent through public enterprises. K. Agent for implementing government plans:  The public enterprises run as per the whims of the government and as such the economic policies and plans of the government are implemented through public enterprises. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES By private sector, we mean, economic and social activities undertaken privately by a single individual or group of individuals. They prefer to do business in private sector basically to earn profit. On the other hand public sector refers to economic and social activities undertaken by public authorities. The enterprises in public sector are set up with the main aim of protecting public interest. Profit earning comes next. Besides the difference in the objective, the enterprises in both these sectors also differ in many other aspects. In this section let us know the differences between the enterprises of public sector and private sector. Basis of difference| Private sector enterprises| Public sector enterprises| Objective| Maximization of profit| Maximize social welfare and ensure alanced economic development| Ownership| Owned by individuals| Owned by Government| Management| Managed by owner and professional managers| Managed by Government| Capital| Raised by owners through loans, private sources and public issues| Raised from government funds and sometimes through public issues| Area of Operation| Operates in all areas with adequate return on investment| Operates in basic and pu blic utility sectors| FORMS OF ORGANISATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES There are three different forms of organization used for the public sector enterprises in India. These are (1) Departmental Undertaking; (2) Statutory (or Public) Corporation, and (3) Government Company. Departmental Undertaking form of organization is primarily used for provision of essential services such as railways, postal services, broadcasting etc. Such organizations function under the overall control of a ministry of the Government and are financed and controlled in the same way as any other government department. This form is considered suitable for activities where the government desires to have control over them in view of the public interest. Statutory Corporation (or public corporation) refers to a corporate body created by the Parliament or State Legislature by a special Act which defines its powers, functions and pattern of management. Statutory Corporation is also known as public corporation. Its capital is wholly provided by the government. Examples of such organizations are Life Insurance Corporation of India, State Trading Corporation etc. Government Company refers to the company in which 51 percent or more of the paid up capital is held by the government. It is registered under the Companies Act and is fully governed by the provisions of the Act. Most business units owned and managed by government fall in this category. DEPARTMENTAL UNDERTAKINGS Departmental undertakings are the oldest among the public enterprises. A departmental undertaking is organized, managed and financed by the Government. It is controlled by a specific department of the government. Each such department is headed by a minister. All policy matters and other important decisions are taken by the controlling ministry. The Parliament lays down the general policy for such undertakings. FEATURES OF DEPARTMENTAL UNDERTAKINGS The main features of departmental undertakings are as follows: (a) It is established by the government and its overall control rests with the minister. (b) It is a part of the government and is managed like any other government department. (c) It is financed through government funds. (d) It is subject to budgetary, accounting and audit control. (e) Its policy is laid down by the government and it is accountable to the legislature. MERITS OF DEPARTMENTAL UNDERTAKINGS The following are the merits of departmental undertakings:- (a) Fulfillment of Social Objectives: The government has total control over these undertakings. As such it can fulfill its social and economic objectives. For example, opening of post offices in far off places, broadcasting and telecasting programmes, which may lead to the social, economic and intellectual development of the people are the social objectives that the departmental undertakings try to fulfill. b) Responsible to Legislature: Questions may be asked about the working of departmental undertaking in the parliament and the concerned minister has to satisfy the public with his replies. As such they cannot take any step, which may harm the interest of any particular group of public. These undertakings are responsible to the public through the parliament. (c) Control Over Economic Activities: It helps the government to exercise control over the specialized economic activities and can act as instrument of making social and economic policy. d) Contribution to Government Revenue: The surplus, if any, of the departmental undertakings belong to the government. This leads to increase in government income. Similarly, if there is deficiency, it is to be met by the government. (e) Little Scope for Misuse of Funds: Since such undertakings are subject to budgetary accounting and audit control, the possibilities of misuse of their funds are considerably reduced. LIMITATIONS OF DEPARTMENTAL UNDERTAKINGS Departmental undertakings suffer from the following limitations: (a) The Influence of Bureaucracy: On account of government control, a departmental undertaking suffers from all the ills of bureaucratic functioning. For instance, government permission is required for each expenditure, observance of government decisions regarding appointment and promotion of the employees and so on. Because of these reasons important decisions get delayed, employees cannot be given instant promotion or punishment. On account of these reasons some difficulties come in the way of working of departmental undertakings. b) Excessive Parliamentary Control: On account of the Parliamentary control difficulties come in the way of day-to-day administration. This is also because questions are repeatedly asked in the parliament about the working of the undertaking. (c) Lack of Professional Expertise: The administrative officers who manage the affairs of the departmental undertakings do not generally have the business experience as well as expertise. Hence, these undertakings are not ma naged in a professional manner and suffer from deficiency leading to excessive drainage of public funds. d) Lack of Flexibility: Flexibility is necessary for a successful business so that the demand of the changing times may be fulfilled. But departmental undertakings lack flexibility because its policies cannot be changed instantly. (e) Inefficient Functioning: Such organizations suffer from inefficiency on account of incompetent staff and lack of adequate incentives to improve efficiency of the employees. STATUTORY CORPORATIONS The Statutory Corporation (or Public Corporation) refers to such organizations which are incorporated under the special Acts of the Parliament/State Legislative Assemblies. Its management pattern, its powers and functions, the area of activity, rules and regulations for its employees and its relationship with government departments, etc. are specified in the concerned Act. Examples of statutory corporations are State Bank of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India, Industrial Finance Corporation of India, etc. It may be noted that more than one corporation can also be established under the same Act. State Electricity Boards and State Financial Corporation fall in this category. FEATURES OF STATUTORY CORPORATIONS The main features of Statutory Corporations are as follows: (a) It is incorporated under a special Act of Parliament or State Legislative Assembly. (b) It is an autonomous body and is free from government control in respect of its internal management. However, it is accountable to parliament and state legislature. (c) It has a separate legal existence. Its capital is wholly provided by the government. (d) It is managed by Board of Directors, which is composed of individuals who are trained and experienced in business management. The members of the board of Directors are nominated by the government. e) It is supposed to be self-sufficient in financial matters. However, in case of necessity it may take loan and/or seek assistance from the government. (f) The employees of these enterprises are recruited as per their own requirement by following the terms and conditions of recruitment decided by the Board. MERITS OF STATUTORY CORPORATIONS Statutory Corporation as a form of organization f or public enterprises has certain advantages that can be summarized as follows: (a) Expert Management: It has the advantages of both the departmental and private undertakings. These enterprises are run on business principles under the guidance of expert and experienced Directors. (b) Internal Autonomy: Government has no direct interference in the day-to-day management of these corporations. Decisions can be taken promptly without any hindrance. (c) Responsible to Parliament: Statutory organizations are responsible to Parliament. Their activities are watched by the press and the public. As such they have to maintain a high level of efficiency and accountability. (d) Flexibility: As these are independent in matters of management and finance, they enjoy adequate flexibility in their operation. This helps in ensuring good performance and operational results. (e) Promotion of National Interests: Statutory Corporations protect and promote national interests. The government is authorized to give policy directions to the statutory corporations under the provisions of the Acts governing them. (f) Easy to Raise Funds: Being government owned statutory bodies, they can easily get the required funds by issuing bonds etc. LIMITATIONS OF STATUTORY CORPORATIONS Having studied the merits of statutory corporations we may now look to its limitations also. The following limitations are observed in statutory corporations. (a) Government Interference: It is true that the greatest advantage of statutory corporation is its independence and flexibility, but it is found only on paper. In reality, there is excessive government interference in most of the matters. (b) Rigidity: The amendments to their activities and rights can be made only by the Parliament. This results in several impediments in business of the corporations to respond to the changing conditions and take bold decisions. c) Ignoring Commercial Approach: The statutory corporations usually face little competition and lack motivation for good performance. Hence, they suffer from ignorance of commercial principles in managing their affairs. MERITS OF GOVERNMENT COMPANIES The merits of government company form of organizing a public enterprise are as follows: (a) Simple Procedure of Establishment: A government company, as compared to other public enterprises, can be easily formed as there is no need to get a bill passed by the parliament or state legislature. It can be formed simply by following the procedure laid down by the Companies Act. (b) Efficient Working on Business Lines: The government company can be run on business principles. It is fully independent in financial and administrative matters. Its Board of Directors usually consists of some professionals and independent persons of repute. (c) Efficient Management: As the Annual Report of the government company is placed before both the house of Parliament for discussion, its management is cautious in carrying out its activities and ensures efficiency in managing the business. d) Healthy Competition: These companies usually offer a healthy competition to private sector and thus, ensure availability of goods and services at reasonable prices without compromising on the quality. LIMITATIONS OF GOVERNMENT COMPANIES The government companies suffer from the following limitations: (a) Lack of Initiative: The management of government companies always have the fear of public accountability . As a result, they lack initiative in taking right decisions at the right time. Moreover, some directors may not take real interest in business for fear of public criticism. (b) Lack of Business Experience: In practice, the management of these companies is generally put into the hands of administrative service officers who often lack experience in managing the business organisation on professional lines. So, in most cases, they fail to achieve the required efficiency levels. (c) Change in Policies and Management: The policies and management of these companies generally keep on changing with the change of government. Frequent change of rules, policies and procedures leads to an unhealthy situation of the business enterprises. IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES  § Balanced Regional Development  § Boost the basic industries of an economy.  § Concentrate on public welfare activities.  § Promote exports  § Price control of essential goods  § Limit the influence of private monopoly.  § Ensure security of the country.  § Minimize the economic inequalities.